Germany - Railway eras
Epoche I 1835-1920
Länderbahn-Epoche - The construction of railways in the individual states and private railways of regional importance. A colourful era with large regional differences.
EpIa 1835-1875
Construction of territorial State and Private railways, leading to the basis of a regional network for each of the independent states.
Development of the steam locomotive.
EpIb 1875-1895
Construction of territorial State and Private railways, leading to the basis of a regional network for each of the independent states.
Development of the steam locomotive.
EpIb 1875-1895
Formation of nine major State rail networks in Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg, Baden, Hesse, Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, and Alsace-Lorraine.
To complement the main lines the first Nebenbahnen (Secondary routes) and Lokalbahnen (Tertiary Branch lines) are constructed. Narrow Gauge railways also appear.
Development of the Compound steam loco and tenders for locomotives.
Prussia introduces standardisation for vehicle construction. They also colour code coaches according to four classes - Yellow, Brown, Green and Grey.
Continuous compressed air braking systems are installed on passenger coaches.
To complement the main lines the first Nebenbahnen (Secondary routes) and Lokalbahnen (Tertiary Branch lines) are constructed. Narrow Gauge railways also appear.
Development of the Compound steam loco and tenders for locomotives.
Prussia introduces standardisation for vehicle construction. They also colour code coaches according to four classes - Yellow, Brown, Green and Grey.
Continuous compressed air braking systems are installed on passenger coaches.
EpIc 1895-1910
The Railway network matures
Prussian and Hessian State railways merge.
Further harmonisation of the Railways - Signalling, safety devices, driving rules and construction practices are standardised.
Superheated steam is used to increase the efficiancy of locomotives. We also see the first petrol and storage battery railcars.
EpId 1910-1920
The first large express train locomotives enter service. Electric locomotive also begin to appear.
Continuous compressed air braking systems are installed on wagons.
MITROPA is formed in 1916 to take over train catering and sleeper car services that had fomerly been handled by the CIWL.
Wartime needs cause locomotives to be painted black and coaches to be painted olive green.
Prussian and Hessian State railways merge.
Further harmonisation of the Railways - Signalling, safety devices, driving rules and construction practices are standardised.
Superheated steam is used to increase the efficiancy of locomotives. We also see the first petrol and storage battery railcars.
EpId 1910-1920
The first large express train locomotives enter service. Electric locomotive also begin to appear.
Continuous compressed air braking systems are installed on wagons.
MITROPA is formed in 1916 to take over train catering and sleeper car services that had fomerly been handled by the CIWL.
Wartime needs cause locomotives to be painted black and coaches to be painted olive green.
Epoche II 1920-1948
Reichsbahn Era - The State railways are acquired by the Reich.
Many colourful regional variations exist, gradually fading as Standardisation takes over.
Standardisation of locomotives, coaches and wagon construction. Electrification of important lines expands as does experimentation with railcars.
There are uniform construction and operating regulations and all stock receives standard liveries and numbering.
EpIIa 1920-1925
Local railway authorities still have control - most noticable in Bavaria and Prussia. Adoption of International standards RIC and RIV for coaches and wagons.
All wagons marked with Deutsche Reichsbahn as well as local identification.
Coaches receive a standard paint scheme of braungrün (A dark green with a a yellow/ brown hue).
EpIIb 1925-1937
The DRG (Deutschen Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft) Period (during the Weimar Republic). The DRG was a nominally private company 100% owned by the German State. The Bavarian Administration is dissolved.
All locomotive are re-numbered. Standard locos are manufactured. High speed railcars are experimented with.
Coaches are all re-numbered and 4th class is abolished. MITROPA Restaurant and sleeper coaches are painted bordeaux red.
EpIIc 1937-1948
The DRB (Deutschen Reichsbahn) Period Now state owned this included the railways of Saarland and Austria. The Imperial eagle is installed on locos and coaches. Bottle green is adopted for painting coaches.
Austerity designs for locomotives, coaches and wagons emerge.
After WW11 Germany is partitioned and Reich emblems are removed from all stock - Large numbers of German rolling stock are spread throughout Europe as repairations.
Epoche III 1949-1970
Germany is split into the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
This Era sees the rebuilding of German railway infrastructure and investment in Electric and Diesel motive power as well as safety equipment.
EpIIIa 1949-1956
DB Deutsche Bundesbahn (West Germany)
New build steam locomotives and the introduction of the F-Zug express passenger network with a deep blue livery.
New 26 metre passenger cars are constructed. Three classes of passenger travel still exist.
The DSG (Deutsche Schlafwagen- und Speisewagengesellschaft) was formed taking over the assets of the MITROPA company in West Germany.
Motor railcars are renumbered. Wagons receive DB markings and a new numbering plan. Locomotives and coaches are marked "Deutsche Bundesbahn"
New build steam locomotives and the introduction of the F-Zug express passenger network with a deep blue livery.
New 26 metre passenger cars are constructed. Three classes of passenger travel still exist.
The DSG (Deutsche Schlafwagen- und Speisewagengesellschaft) was formed taking over the assets of the MITROPA company in West Germany.
Motor railcars are renumbered. Wagons receive DB markings and a new numbering plan. Locomotives and coaches are marked "Deutsche Bundesbahn"
DR Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)
The railway was nationalised.
Steam locomotives modified to coal dust firing.
Double deck passenger stock introduced.
Wagons receive the DR markings and an new numbering plan.
EpIIIb 1956-1970
The railway was nationalised.
Steam locomotives modified to coal dust firing.
Double deck passenger stock introduced.
Wagons receive the DR markings and an new numbering plan.
EpIIIb 1956-1970
DB Deutsche Bundesbahn (West Germany)
Increased investment in Diesel and electric motive power. The decline of steam begins however there is an programme of modernisation with new boilers and oil firing. Three headlights fitted to locomotives.
Coaches are now painted Chrome Green. 1st class is identified by a light coloured strip above the windows. 3rd class is abolished.
Umbauprogramm - Conversion programme for commuter cars to update stock that, in many cases dated from Epoch I.
DB logo "der keks" (The biscuit) is introduced in 1956.
Increased investment in Diesel and electric motive power. The decline of steam begins however there is an programme of modernisation with new boilers and oil firing. Three headlights fitted to locomotives.
Coaches are now painted Chrome Green. 1st class is identified by a light coloured strip above the windows. 3rd class is abolished.
Umbauprogramm - Conversion programme for commuter cars to update stock that, in many cases dated from Epoch I.
DB logo "der keks" (The biscuit) is introduced in 1956.
DR Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)
New construction and re-construction of steam locomotives. Procurement of Diesela and repair of the Electric network. Three headlights fitted to locomotives.
Reko - Modernisation of stock. 1st class is identified by a light coloured strip above the windows. 3rd class is abolished.
DR mark introduced.
New construction and re-construction of steam locomotives. Procurement of Diesela and repair of the Electric network. Three headlights fitted to locomotives.
Reko - Modernisation of stock. 1st class is identified by a light coloured strip above the windows. 3rd class is abolished.
DR mark introduced.
Epoch IV 1965-1990
(There is no defined cross over point from Epoche III to Epoche IV)
Application of Internationally agreed vehicle markings. Steam is phased out. Introduction of colourful stock liveries.EpIVa 1965-1970
DB Deutsche Bundesbahn (West Germany) and DR Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)
Application of the new internationally agreed computerised numbering scheme for rolling stock
EpIVb 1970-1980
DB Deutsche Bundesbahn (West Germany)
Reorganisation of the Inter-City Network. Experimental "pop" liveries tried out before locomotives and passenger stock were repainted in the new colour concept - Turquoise/beige and Dark red/ beige.
Last use of fixed axle passenger cars (4 and 6 wheel coaches)
DR Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)
New colour scheme for locomotives and the last use of oil fired steam locomotives.
EpIVc 1980-1990
DB Deutsche Bundesbahn (West Germany)
Transition to the new colour concept completed. Wagon numbering scheme modified.
DR Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)
Withdrawel of the last steam locomotives on standard gauge. Last use of fixed axle passenger cars (4 and 6 wheel coaches).
New colour concept for passenger coaches
Express carriages Faun-beige and orange
Suburban Faun-beige and green
Application of the new internationally agreed computerised numbering scheme for rolling stock
EpIVb 1970-1980
DB Deutsche Bundesbahn (West Germany)
Reorganisation of the Inter-City Network. Experimental "pop" liveries tried out before locomotives and passenger stock were repainted in the new colour concept - Turquoise/beige and Dark red/ beige.
Last use of fixed axle passenger cars (4 and 6 wheel coaches)
DR Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)
New colour scheme for locomotives and the last use of oil fired steam locomotives.
EpIVc 1980-1990
DB Deutsche Bundesbahn (West Germany)
Transition to the new colour concept completed. Wagon numbering scheme modified.
DR Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)
Withdrawel of the last steam locomotives on standard gauge. Last use of fixed axle passenger cars (4 and 6 wheel coaches).
New colour concept for passenger coaches
Express carriages Faun-beige and orange
Suburban Faun-beige and green
Epoch V 1990-2006
DB AG Era - reunification of the two countries and the reconnection of the two networks under DB AG a private joint stock company with the German state as its single shareholder. Stock from East and west are merged. ICE services are established and the introduction of use-orientated colour schemes for rolling stock.
EpVa 1990-1994
Integration of the two railways. Orient red selected as the new colour scheme for locomotives. Reclassification of ex DR locomotives into the DB classification scheme. Introduction of ICE high speed trains as well as trains with tilting technology.
EpVb 1994-2000
Merger of DR and DB into DB AG.
Uniform colour concept fo locomotives and passenger cars. Traffic Red adopted for wagons.
Introduction of ESTW technology and Ks signals. Decommissioning and demolition of local signal boxes.
Ellimination of the classic 2 axle G series wagons and open goods wagons
New Station lables white on a blue background.
EpVc 2000-2006
The second step of the Bahnreform (Railway reform) was carried out in 1999. All rolling stock, track, personnel, and real assets were divided between the holding company and the five principal subsidiaries of DBAG: DB Reise & Touristik AG (long distance passenger service, later renamed DB Fernverkehr AG), DB Regio AG (regional passenger services, in the course of the reform under charge of the federal states), DB Cargo AG (freight services, later changed to Railion AG), DB Netz AG (operating the railway system), and DB Station & Service AG (operating the stations).
EpVa 1990-1994
Integration of the two railways. Orient red selected as the new colour scheme for locomotives. Reclassification of ex DR locomotives into the DB classification scheme. Introduction of ICE high speed trains as well as trains with tilting technology.
EpVb 1994-2000
Merger of DR and DB into DB AG.
Uniform colour concept fo locomotives and passenger cars. Traffic Red adopted for wagons.
Introduction of ESTW technology and Ks signals. Decommissioning and demolition of local signal boxes.
Ellimination of the classic 2 axle G series wagons and open goods wagons
New Station lables white on a blue background.
EpVc 2000-2006
The second step of the Bahnreform (Railway reform) was carried out in 1999. All rolling stock, track, personnel, and real assets were divided between the holding company and the five principal subsidiaries of DBAG: DB Reise & Touristik AG (long distance passenger service, later renamed DB Fernverkehr AG), DB Regio AG (regional passenger services, in the course of the reform under charge of the federal states), DB Cargo AG (freight services, later changed to Railion AG), DB Netz AG (operating the railway system), and DB Station & Service AG (operating the stations).
Epoch VI 2007-
In December 2007, DB reorganised again, bringing all passenger services into its DB Bahn arm, logistics under DB Schenker and infrastructure and operations under DB Netze.
Adoption of the new 12 digit European numbering scheme for rolling stock. There is a great increase in cross border services.
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